Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde ve \u00fclkemizde hem beden hem ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmektedir.\u00a0 Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, t\u0131bbi dizin tarand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bug\u00fcne kadar bu soruna hemen hemen hi\u00e7 yer verilmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Psikiyatrik dizin ise sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u015fiddetle ilgili makalelerin say\u0131s\u0131 son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Hele Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetle ilgili yaz\u0131lar daha da azd\u0131r. Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddette, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere e\u015fler, \u00e7ocuklar, karde\u015fler, ya\u015fl\u0131lar, bak\u0131ma gereksinimi olan \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fcler hedef al\u0131nabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n Olmak<\/p>\n
Ekonomik, politik ve toplumsal etmenlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, baz\u0131 psikolojik etmenler de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u015fiddet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha savunmas\u0131z k\u0131lmakta ve \u00e7ok ciddi \u00f6rselenmelere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (Aslan ve Avc\u0131 1994). Bunlar aras\u0131nda pre\u00f6dipal geli\u015fimdeki cinsiyete ba\u011fl\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, \u00f6zg\u00fcvenin d\u00fczenlemesi ve kimlik alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkisel etkenlerle, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etme bi\u00e7imlerini etkileyen toplumsal etkenlerin psikolojik rol\u00fc say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve erkeklerin geli\u015fimsel ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, kad\u0131n\u0131n ve erke\u011fin ya\u015famlar\u0131nda ili\u015fkilerin yerini belirlemede rol oynar. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erken kimliklerinin \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Erkekler ise kimliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kendilerini ayr\u0131 ve otonom g\u00f6rmek \u00fczerinden olu\u015ftururlar (Peck 1986). Bu durumda, kad\u0131n kimli\u011fi ili\u015fkileri koparmaktan ziyade, tamir etmeye yatk\u0131nd\u0131r. Oysa k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar, hem anneyle hem babayla \u00f6zde\u015fim yaparak b\u00fcy\u00fcrler. Hepimiz i\u00e7imizde kad\u0131na ve erke\u011fe atfedilen \u00f6zelliklerin dengeli bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r\u0131z. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 erkekler ayn\u0131 zamanda, yap\u0131c\u0131 ve onar\u0131c\u0131d\u0131rlar. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kad\u0131nlar da ayn\u0131 zamanda, gere\u011finde hay\u0131r ya da dur diyebilirler, y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyen ili\u015fkilerini b\u0131rakabilirler.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle, kad\u0131nlar erkeklerden daha fazla oranda, kendilerini ili\u015fkileriyle tan\u0131mlarlar ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyada ili\u015fkileriyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131rlar. Bu ili\u015fkisel ba\u011flar, bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131n i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcvenin d\u00fczenlenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynar (Peck 1986). Bu nedenle, baz\u0131 yazarlar kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istismar ili\u015fkilerinden kendilerini kurtarmalar\u0131n\u0131n daha zor oldu\u011funu ima etmektedirler (Nadelson 1996). Ancak, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere yaln\u0131zca k\u0131smen kat\u0131lmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkenleri ayr\u0131 bir parametre olarak d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutmak olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Bir yandan, baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkenlerin geli\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6zde\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmamak gerekirken, bir yandan da, yine baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve toplumsal etkenlerin bu varsay\u0131mlara damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu\u011funu unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n
Ku\u015faktan Ku\u015fa\u011fa Aktar\u0131lma<\/p>\n
Sorunun can al\u0131c\u0131 noktalar\u0131ndan bir di\u011feri, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lma \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Aile i\u00e7inde \u015fiddete maruz kalan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcklerinde \u015fiddet uygulayan e\u015flere ya da ana babalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeseler de, \u015fiddet uygulayan yeti\u015fkinlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e7ocuklukta aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddete maruz kalma \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kaufman ve Zigler 1987). Ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan, her zaman basit\u00e7e \u015fiddetin kendisi de\u011fil, bu durumu \u00e7evreleyen duygusal atmosferdir. \u0130\u00e7selle\u015ftirilen \u00f6fke, korku ve \u00e7\u00f6kk\u00fcnl\u00fck duygular\u0131, ki\u015finin tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam boyu etkileyebilmektedir. \u015eiddet ve ihmal sonucu olu\u015fan ruhsal yap\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu kez yine \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imleriyle \u015fiddeti do\u011furan bir sald\u0131rganl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetin ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda sald\u0131rganla \u00f6zde\u015fim d\u00fczene\u011fi \u00f6nemli yer tutar ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcy\u00fc yaln\u0131z bu d\u00fczenekle a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, basite indirgemek olur. Son y\u0131llarda, aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet uygulayanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, kendisi do\u011frudan \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren \u00e7ocuklar aras\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ana babalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddete tan\u0131k olanlardan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Hamilton 1989). Ailede ya da d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan bir ki\u015fi, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131na, yineleyici bi\u00e7imde \u015fiddet uyguluyorsa, \u00e7ocu\u011fun sald\u0131rganla \u00f6zde\u015fimi, do\u011frudan \u015fiddete maruz kalan \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6zde\u015fiminden daha kolay olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ana baba \u00e7ocu\u011fun ba\u011flanma nesneleridir. \u00c7ocuk annenin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, duygular\u0131, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve arzular\u0131 olan, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bunlarla belirlenen bir varl\u0131k olabilmelidir. \u00c7ocuk b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, giderek bunun daha \u00e7ok fark\u0131na varacak ve bu durumu i\u00e7selle\u015ftirecektir. Fiziksel ve duygusal k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131ma u\u011frayan \u00e7ocuklarda ise, geli\u015fim i\u00e7in gerekli olan bu ya\u015fant\u0131 eksiktir. Ana baba olarak tutarl\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceli\/anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir tutum sergilemek bir yana, anne ya da baban\u0131n \u00e7ocuk hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, s\u0131kl\u0131kla iyi niyetten yoksundur, hatta dayak gibi k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetler i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00c7ocuk, nesnesinin yani ana babas\u0131n\u0131n kendi hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, kendisini g\u00fcvende hissetmemektedir. Bu durum tekrarland\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00e7ocuk insanlarla ili\u015fkisinde kendisini g\u00fcvende hissetmez olur. \u0130leride bu duygular, ya\u015fan\u0131lan zaman diliminin ger\u00e7e\u011fine uymasa da, kolayca tetiklenecektir. \u0130\u015fte o zaman, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ait g\u00fcvensizlik duygular\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn tepkilerini belirleyecektir. \u00d6te yandan \u00e7ocuk varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini korumak istemektedir. Kendini ifade etme ile sald\u0131rganl\u0131k e\u015f hale gelir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini dikkate alabilme ve e\u015fduyum yapabilmedeki yetersizlik, sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n engellenmesini de azalt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k ki\u015fi i\u00e7in kurban, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden, duygudan ve ger\u00e7ek ac\u0131 \u00e7ekme yetisinden yoksun biri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ki\u015fi, en az\u0131ndan o s\u0131rada, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakinin ruhsal durumunu kurgulayamamakta, g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alamamakta, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 buna g\u00f6re ayarlayamamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u015fiddetin kap\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Burada tan\u0131mlanan sald\u0131rganl\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcsel olarak sadizmden ay\u0131rt edilebilir. Sadizmde, haz duyabilmek i\u00e7in, kar\u015f\u0131dakinin duygular\u0131n\u0131 hayal edebilme yetisinin bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Yukar\u0131da tan\u0131mlanan t\u00fcrden sald\u0131rganl\u0131kta ise, sald\u0131rgan hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015finin psikolojisini hesaba katmamaktad\u0131r. Bu bireyler (sald\u0131rganlar) asl\u0131nda yak\u0131nl\u0131k aramakta, fakat sonra birdenbire kendilerini k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapan, tehdit eden, sald\u0131rgan bir nesnenin tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f gibi hissetmektedirler. Planlanmadan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirli baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. \u015eiddetten hemen \u00f6nce i\u00e7eride tutulamayacak bir gerginlik hissedilir. \u00d6fke anla\u015f\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde t\u0131rman\u0131r. Kurban, tehdit olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131r. \u015eiddet eylemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kontrol kayb\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Her iki cinsiyetteki sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da, katlan\u0131lamaz d\u00fc\u015flemlerden (fantazilerden) kurtulma \u00e7abas\u0131yla ilgili oldu\u011funa inanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zihnindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle ilgili d\u00fc\u015flemlerdir ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn olarak anne ya da babadan birinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleridir. Ki\u015fi bu d\u00fc\u015flemleri nedeniyle, kendisini birdenbire tehdit eden bir sistemin i\u00e7inde bulmaktad\u0131r. Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddette sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n \u00e7ok s\u0131k dile getirdikleri, ”sanki mahsus yap\u0131yor” ya da bilerek yap\u0131yor” c\u00fcmleleri gibi. Annenin \u00e7ocuk hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri, \u00e7ok daha erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren, \u00e7ocu\u011fun zihninde temsil edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Baban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ise, gerek k\u0131z gerekse erkek \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in, d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 temsil eder. Baban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 temsil etti\u011fi i\u00e7in, katlan\u0131lamayan bu varl\u0131k, ki\u015finin i\u00e7inde de\u011fil, d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yani babay\u0131 temsil eden ba\u015fka insanlarda ya da nesnelerde hissedilecektir. Bu durumda kad\u0131n, kendi zihnindeki anneden kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r, sald\u0131rganl\u0131k kendisine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Erkek ise, sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131nda temsil edilen baban\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine y\u00f6neltmektedir. E\u011fer erkek i\u00e7in de, katlan\u0131lamayan zihinsel varl\u0131k anne ise, ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f yolu t\u0131pk\u0131 kad\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi intihar olabilmektedir. Yani sald\u0131rganl\u0131k kendisine y\u00f6nelmektedir.<\/p>\n
Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetin d\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6nemli bir sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Son 15-20 y\u0131lda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde, e\u015f \u015fiddetiyle ilgili \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu temel alan 48 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (Krug ve ark. 2002) kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u015fleri ya da partnerleri taraf\u0131ndan \u015fiddete u\u011frama oran\u0131n\u0131 % 10-69 aras\u0131nda bildirmi\u015ftir. ABD’nde acil servislere ba\u015fvuran kad\u0131nlar\u0131n % 11-30’unun e\u015f ya da partner taraf\u0131ndan yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir (Grisso ve ark. 1999). Hindistan’da, de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, e\u015f \u015fiddeti % 20-75 aras\u0131nda bildirilmi\u015ftir (Martin ve ark. 2002). \u00dclkemizde, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Aile Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu (1995), ailelerin %34’\u00fcnde fiziksel \u015fiddet, % 53’\u00fcnde s\u00f6zel \u015fiddet oldu\u011funu ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n % 46’s\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel \u015fiddet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirmi\u015ftir. Ayranc\u0131 ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2002), Eski\u015fehir’de birinci basamak sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti veren kurumlarda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n % 36.4’\u00fcn\u00fcn fiziksel \u015fiddetten yak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, % 71.4’\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ya da \u015fimdiki gebelik d\u00f6neminde ruhsal\/s\u00f6zel, fiziksel ya da cinsel \u015fiddete maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Toplumda yayg\u0131n olan aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetten, psikiyatrik hastalar da paylar\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla almaktad\u0131rlar. Aky\u00fcz ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2002), Sivas ilinde psikiyatri poliklini\u011finde yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada e\u015finden fiziksel \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 % 57 bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Evlilik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli mesele \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren ve i\u00e7ermeyen tiplerin ayr\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 Depresyonda intihar (\u00f6zk\u0131y\u0131m) riskinin sorgulanmas\u0131 gibi, bu potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131yan evliliklerde \u015fiddet boyutunun mutlaka sorgulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedirler. \u00d6te yandan, hastalar\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 bu temadan klinisyenin ka\u00e7\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131 sa\u011falt\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6zel \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r (Y\u00fcksel ve ark. 2000, Do\u011fanav\u015fargil ve Vahip 2003).<\/p>\n
Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa ge\u00e7mekte ve yaln\u0131zca \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren ki\u015fiyi de\u011fil, tan\u0131k olan ki\u015filerin psikolojik durumlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n psikososyal geli\u015fimini etkilemektedir. \u00c7ocuklukta aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddete maruz kalanlar\u0131n ya da tan\u0131k olanlar\u0131n kendi yeti\u015fkinlik ailelerinde \u015fiddeti daha y\u00fcksek oranda saptayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar vard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de kad\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma evlerinde yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocukken de \u015fiddet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve sonradan kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m 1998). \u00c7ocukken \u015fiddete maruz kalma ve tan\u0131k olma, psikiyatrik ve fiziksel morbidite nedeni olarak bildirilmi\u015ftir (Campbell 2002). Psikiyatrik hastalarla yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda ya neden sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi aranm\u0131\u015f ya da a\u011f\u0131r \u015fiddet olgular\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkenleri inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da yine \u00e7o\u011funlukla t\u00f6re cinayeti gibi \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u015fiddet ister istemez \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcndelik psikiyatri prati\u011finde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelen ortalama kad\u0131n hastalar aras\u0131nda aile i\u00e7i fiziksel \u015fiddetin profilini \u00e7\u0131karmak ihmal edilmi\u015f bir konu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Vahip ve Do\u011fanav\u015fargil’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda (2006) ya\u015fam boyu hi\u00e7 \u015fiddete maruz kalmam\u0131\u015f hastalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca % 17 olarak saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hastalar\u0131n % 62’si evlili\u011finde, % 63’\u00fc \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda en az bir kez fiziksel \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hastalar\u0131n % 51’i kendi \u00e7ocu\u011funa fiziksel \u015fiddet uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kad\u0131n hastalar\u0131m\u0131z, toplumda yayg\u0131n bir sorun olan aile i\u00e7i fiziksel \u015fiddetten paylar\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla almaktad\u0131rlar. Psikiyatri prati\u011finde bunun g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131yor olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir eksikliktir ve psikiyatristlerin bu konudaki fark\u0131ndal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bilgi ve beceri d\u00fczeylerinin y\u00fckseltilmesi gerekmektedir. Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet m\u00fcnferit olgulardan olu\u015fmaz. Tersine, m\u00fcnferit gibi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelen olgular ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan sistemin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Evlili\u011finde \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren ve g\u00f6rmeyen kad\u0131n hastalar aras\u0131nda e\u011fitim durumu, meslek, ailenin gelir d\u00fczeyi, evlilik ya\u015f\u0131, evlenme bi\u00e7imi, \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fark yoktur. E\u011fitimli-e\u011fitimsiz, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan-\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan, zengin-fakir kad\u0131n hastalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n birbirine yak\u0131n y\u00fcksek oranlarda e\u015f \u015fiddeti bildirmi\u015f olmalar\u0131, e\u015fler aras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddetin karanl\u0131kta kalan bir boyutunu bize hat\u0131rlatmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalarda \u015fiddete maruz kalan kad\u0131nlara odaklanmakta ve \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli parametreler aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki aranmaktad\u0131r. Oysa \u015fiddeti uygulayan e\u015fler hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha az bilgi sahibiyiz.<\/p>\n
Evlilikte fiziksel \u015fiddet g\u00f6rme ile ili\u015fkili bulunan iki parametreden biri ya\u015f, di\u011feri kaynana ile ayn\u0131 evi payla\u015fmad\u0131r. Evlilik s\u00fcresinin ya\u015ftan daha \u00f6nemli bir yorday\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu bildiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmac\u0131lar da vard\u0131r (Kessler ve ark. 1997). Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Aile Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu’nun T\u00fcrkiye genelini kapsayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda (1998) e\u015f taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fclmenin ya\u015fa g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi bulunmu\u015f, ancak 15-22 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek oranda saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde sindirildi\u011fini ve ortama bir \u00e7e\u015fit sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z uyum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren yazarlar vard\u0131r (Nadelson 1996). Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Aile Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu (1998) aile b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e \u015fiddetin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle kaynana ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131klardan do\u011fan sorunlar\u0131n geleneksel gelin-kaynana ikilemini yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u015fler aras\u0131nda da \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Turan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2000) Konya ilinde bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131\u015flar ve geni\u015f ailede ya\u015famay\u0131 aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetle ili\u015fkili bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Volkan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (2002) kalitatif ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda da benzer sonu\u00e7 elde edilmi\u015ftir. Vahip ve Do\u011fanav\u015fargil’in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek bir ba\u015fka nokta, en az\u0131ndan s\u00fcrmekte olan evliliklerde, erken d\u00f6nemde aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkilemedi\u011fidir. Bunun her k\u00fclt\u00fcrde b\u00f6yle olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Aile \u0130\u00e7i \u015eiddete Tan\u0131k Olma<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalardan \u00e7\u0131kan bir ba\u015fka d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bulgu, saptanan e\u015f fiziksel \u015fiddetinin yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ana baba aras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddete tan\u0131k oldu\u011funun, bunlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise \u015fiddete fiilen m\u00fcdahale etti\u011finin bildirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocuklar do\u011frudan \u015fiddete maruz kalmasalar bile, ana baba aras\u0131ndaki \u015fiddete tan\u0131k olman\u0131n di\u011fer \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 travmalar\u0131 ile benzer etkilere neden oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015f ve k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ocuklarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 belirtiler olarak sald\u0131rganl\u0131kta art\u0131\u015f, edilgenlik, \u00e7ekilme, somatik belirtiler, bunalt\u0131 ve intihar giri\u015fimi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (McDonald ve Jouriles 1991). Ayr\u0131ca \u015fiddete tan\u0131k olan \u00e7ocuklar, yard\u0131ma gereksinimi olan berelenmi\u015f bir annenin ruhsal ve hatta bir\u00e7ok kez fiziksel bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmek zorunda kal\u0131rlar (Vahip 2002). \u00dcstelik \u015fiddet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in muhtemelen depresif olan annenin \u00e7\u00f6kk\u00fcnl\u00fck duygular\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7selle\u015ftireceklerdir. Kocas\u0131ndan dayak yiyen kad\u0131nlar, yemeyenlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla oranda d\u00f6vmektedirler. \u00c7ocuk k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7 temel soruna i\u015faret etmektedir:<\/p>\n
1) E\u015finden ya da ana babas\u0131ndan \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren kad\u0131nlar\u0131n annelik i\u015flevlerinin ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilerinin bozulmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
2) \u00c7ocu\u011fun \u015fiddet g\u00f6rme riskinin artmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
3) \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n ana baba aras\u0131nda \u015fiddete tan\u0131k olmalar\u0131. Her \u00fc\u00e7 durumun da erken ve ge\u00e7 psikososyal etkileri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar normal olarak, karanl\u0131k korkusu gibi s\u0131radan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bile, e\u011fer iyi davran\u0131rlarsa gelecekte \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilecekleri \u015feklinde iyimser d\u00fc\u015flemleriyle yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu t\u00fcrden d\u00fc\u015flemler, tehdit i\u00e7eren durumlarda etkili bir bi\u00e7imde i\u00e7 rahatlat\u0131r. K\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131ma u\u011frayan \u00e7ocuklar da benzer d\u00fczenekleri kullan\u0131rlar. Sevgi dolu ili\u015fkileri ve gelecek mutluluklar\u0131 hayal ederler. Ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00e7arp\u0131tabilirler. B\u00f6ylece baz\u0131 \u015feylerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, fiziksel, duygusal ya da cinsel olarak k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanan\u0131n g\u00fcvendikleri anne ya da babalar\u0131 de\u011fil, ba\u015fka birisi oldu\u011funa ya da olan bitenin o kadar da ac\u0131 verici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na kendilerini inand\u0131rabilirler. \u00c7ocu\u011fun k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 erken ya\u015flarda oldu\u011funda, \u00f6rselenmenin kendisi ve ana baba ya da \u00e7ocuktan sorumlu olan ki\u015filerce y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131lma, kand\u0131r\u0131lma, ihanete u\u011frama nedeniyle, ola\u011fan koruyucu d\u00fc\u015flemler daha kat\u0131 ya da daha az kullan\u0131labilir hale gelir (Janis 1958). Hatta benli\u011fin olgunla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleri ketlenebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi, \u00e7ocuklukta benli\u011fin normal olgunla\u015fma s\u00fcreci d\u00fc\u015flemler \u00e7evresinde geli\u015fir. K\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lma ise, bu s\u00fcrecin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ketleyebilir. Bu erken \u00f6rseleyici ya\u015fant\u0131lar, gelecekteki k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmaya verilecek yan\u0131t\u0131 da \u015fekillendirir. Sald\u0131rgan, \u00e7ocu\u011fun sessiz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 ister ve \u00e7ocuk da korkudan boyun e\u011fer. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00e7ocu\u011fun psi\u015fik enerjisi burada t\u00fckenir ve olgunla\u015fma kesintiye u\u011frar.<\/p>\n
Aile i\u00e7indeki \u015fiddete g\u00f6rsel ya da i\u015fitsel olarak tan\u0131k olan \u00e7ocuklara sessiz, unutulmu\u015f ya da g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez kurbanlar ad\u0131 verilmektedir (Edleson 1999). Bu \u00e7ocuklar son y\u0131llarda duygusal k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lma kategorisi i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Do\u011frudan \u015fiddete maruz kalmasalar da, bu \u00e7ocuklar di\u011fer k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da ihmal edilmi\u015f \u00e7ocuklarla ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden belirtileri g\u00f6stermektedir(Stephens 1999). Annenin \u015fiddet g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarda, \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6rselenmesi, annenin d\u00f6v\u00fclmesi bittikten sonra da s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu \u00e7ocuklar, yard\u0131ma gereksinimi olan, yaralanm\u0131\u015f, berelenmi\u015f bir annenin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu, yaln\u0131zca bir fiziksel bak\u0131m \u00fcstlenme durumu ya da \u015fiddet g\u00f6ren annenin, yeterli annelik yeteneklerini kaybetmesinden dolay\u0131 ihmale u\u011frama ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar g\u00f6stermektedir ki, dayak yiyen kad\u0131nlarda psikiyatrik bozukluklar, en basitinden depresyon oran\u0131 y\u00fcksektir (Y\u00fcksel ve Kay\u0131r 1986). \u00c7ocuk, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ortam\u0131n havas\u0131ndaki bu \u00e7\u00f6kk\u00fcnl\u00fck duygular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7selle\u015ftirecektir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ocuk tam olarak ne bekledi\u011fini bilemeden anneye yap\u0131\u015facak, \u00e7\u00f6kk\u00fcn bir anneyi kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131p da kendi yoluna gidemeyecek, su\u00e7luluk duyacakt\u0131r. Su\u00e7luluk duygusunun kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri, yeterli doyumu sa\u011flamayarak \u00e7ocu\u011fu engelleyen anneye y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131rganl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun, \u00f6rselenmi\u015f durumdaki anneye duydu\u011fu sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcstlenebilmesi \u00e7ok zordur. Bu nedenle, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015f\u0131na ve geli\u015fimine g\u00f6re savunmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r. Ancak bunun bedeli b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015fam i\u00e7inde, haklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koruyabilmek, kendimizi ifade edebilmek, giri\u015fken olabilmek, bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerle e\u015fit ili\u015fkiler kurabilmek i\u00e7in hepimizin bir miktar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011fa gereksinimimiz vard\u0131r. Oysa s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7ocuk, annesine annelik yapmak gereksinimi duyar. Rollerin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi bu \u00e7arp\u0131k ili\u015fki, \u00f6zerkli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z bir ili\u015fkidir. \u0130\u00e7selle\u015ftirilen bu ili\u015fki bi\u00e7imi, gelecekteki k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lma ili\u015fkilerindeki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temellerinden birini olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer taraftan her \u00e7ocuk babas\u0131n\u0131 olumlu anlamda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc biri olarak g\u00f6rmek ve o \u015fekilde \u00f6zde\u015fim yapmak gereksinimi i\u00e7indedir. Oysa \u015fiddet uygulayan baba, \u00e7ocu\u011fun d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda g\u00fcven ve sevgi kayna\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil; korku kayna\u011f\u0131, \u00f6fke kayna\u011f\u0131, tutars\u0131z, g\u00fcvenilmez biri haline gelir. Anneye destek olan de\u011fil, onu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan, hor g\u00f6ren biridir. \u00c7ocuk i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck, \u015fiddet uygulayan baba imgesi ile ailenin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen, \u00e7ocu\u011fa sevgi duyan baba imgesi aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimlere uyum sa\u011flama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yeti\u015fkinlikte \u015eiddet G\u00f6rme<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer \u00f6rseleyici ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131 gibi, k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n da, her ya\u015fa ve her bireye \u00f6zg\u00fc uzun s\u00fcreli yans\u0131malar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bireyin ruhsal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 zorlayan bir durumdur. Su\u00e7luluk, kendisinden \u00f6\u00e7 al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 korkusu, ayr\u0131lma anksiyetesinin alevlenmesi ve narsisistik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe tehdit, yeti\u015fkinlikte ya\u015fanan \u015fiddete verilen yan\u0131t\u0131n psikolojik belirleyicilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00f6rselenmeye daha sonra verilen yan\u0131tlara katk\u0131da bulunurlar. \u00d6rselenmeden sonra s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclen su\u00e7luluk duygusu, beklenmedik bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131rgan d\u00fcrt\u00fclerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilir. Bu sald\u0131rgan d\u00fcrt\u00fclerin harekete ge\u00e7mesi ile \u00f6zg\u00fcvende azalma aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 olabilir. \u00d6zg\u00fcvenin korunmas\u0131 ya da kayb\u0131, ki\u015finin \u00f6rselenmeye yan\u0131t\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6\u011fedir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, \u00f6zg\u00fcven, ruhsal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ile ba\u015far\u0131 ya da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak alg\u0131lanan ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fki taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. Ba\u015far\u0131 ya da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k yarg\u0131s\u0131, bireyin i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ego ideali hedefleri ve standartlar\u0131 ile ilgilidir (Jacobson 1975). Ki\u015finin, bir \u00f6rselenmeyle ba\u015f etme ya da edememe alg\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6rselenmenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn gidi\u015fini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zg\u00fcveni ve gelecekte \u00f6rselenmelere yan\u0131t verme yetisini etkileyebilir. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir yan\u0131t \u00f6zg\u00fcveni artt\u0131r\u0131rken, etkisiz bir yan\u0131t \u00f6zg\u00fcveni zedeleyebilir (Nadelson 1996).<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan, baz\u0131 yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in, kendini su\u00e7lama ve \u00f6zg\u00fcven eksikli\u011fi, g\u00fcncel olarak i\u00e7inde ya\u015famakta oldu\u011fu \u00f6rseleyici durumdan ziyade, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u00f6rselenmeden kaynaklan\u0131yor olabilir. Bireyin nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 tehditler, bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak baz\u0131 \u00e7ocukluk ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 gibi alg\u0131lanabilir. Giyim tarz\u0131ndan, yeme\u011fin lezzetine kadar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gerek\u00e7enin kad\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddete yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kad\u0131n\u0131n buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar\u0131 buna \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6stermek olas\u0131d\u0131r. Burada bir \u00e7e\u015fit bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 zaman kaymas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. \u015eiddete u\u011frayan birey, kendisini, k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ana babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lma tehdidi alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuk gibi hissetmektedir. Maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu tehditler sonucunda, \u00e7ocuk cezaya gerek\u00e7e haz\u0131rlamamak i\u00e7in, daha fazla k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmamak \u00fczere, k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Yeti\u015fkinlik ya\u015fam\u0131nda, k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131ma hedef olan birey, benzer bir tepki g\u00f6sterebilir. Ancak \u00e7o\u011fu kez bu tepki uygunsuz olmakta ve kendini korumaya yetecek g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu halde, bireyin sinmesine ve durumu \u00e7aresizce kabullenmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. K\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lan ki\u015filer s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u015fiddeti k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feklinde ya da daha uygun veya optimal bir tepki g\u00f6stermedikleri \u015feklinde su\u00e7lan\u0131rlar. Bu t\u00fcrden su\u00e7lamalar, \u00f6zg\u00fcveni daha da zedeler ve gelecekteki tepki verme yetisini daha da bozar. B\u00f6ylece gelecekteki \u00f6rselenmeye yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet \u00e7ok boyutlu bir sorundur. Ayr\u0131ca ayn\u0131 aile i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde \u015fiddetin bir arada ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair veriler giderek birikmektedir (Edleson 1999). E\u015fe y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddeti, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, cinsel k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmay\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele almak \u00f6nemlidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir ailede bir t\u00fcrde \u015fiddet ya\u015fan\u0131yorsa, genellikle bu di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerde \u015fiddetin de ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir i\u015faret olabilmektedir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetin tan\u0131n\u0131p \u00f6nlenmesinin gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131n ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu ve bunun bir \u00e7e\u015fit koruyucu ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmeti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
HAZIRLAYAN; Dr. Sermin KESEB\u0130R<\/p>\n
KAYNAKLAR<\/p>\n
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Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde ve \u00fclkemizde hem beden hem ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmektedir.\u00a0 Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, t\u0131bbi dizin tarand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bug\u00fcne kadar bu soruna hemen hemen hi\u00e7 yer verilmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Psikiyatrik dizin ise sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u015fiddetle ilgili makalelerin say\u0131s\u0131 son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Hele Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddetle ilgili yaz\u0131lar daha da azd\u0131r. Aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddette, \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n olmak[Devam\u0131n\u0131 Oku…]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[22524],"tags":[23306,23307,23308],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13284"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13284\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}