Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k,Maddeyi kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilen di\u011fer davran\u0131\u015flara g\u00f6re \u00f6ncelik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 fizyolojik,davran\u0131\u015fsal,bili\u015fsel olaylar veya durumlar k\u00fcmesidir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 niteli\u011fi,genellikle kuvvetli bazen \u00e7ok kuvvetli olan madde kullanma iste\u011fidir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olunan maddenin bir s\u00fcre b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya al\u0131namamas\u0131n\u0131 takiben madde yeniden al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sendromun di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.kesin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tan\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden en az \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ve herhangi bir zamanda birlikte saptanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131,veya halen var olmal\u0131d\u0131r.1-Maddeyi almaya y\u00f6nelik kuvvetli bir iste\u011fin varl\u0131\u011f\u01312-Ba\u015flama,b\u0131rakma veya s\u0131n\u0131rlama anlam\u0131nda madde kullanma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekme3-Madde azalt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya kesildi\u011finde \u00f6zg\u00fcn belirtilerle kendini g\u00f6steren bir yoksunluk tablosunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 veya yoksunluk tablosunun olu\u015fmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ya da olu\u015ftuysa giderilmesi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 maddenin kullan\u0131lmas\u01314-Tolerans\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131:Daha \u00f6nceleri daha az dozla olu\u015fan etkiler i\u00e7in artm\u0131\u015f dozlar\u0131n gerekmesi5-Madde kullan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden di\u011fer baz\u0131 haz se\u00e7eneklerinin giderek ihmale u\u011framas\u0131,maddenin elde edilmesi,kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 veya etkisinden kurtulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla zaman harcanmas\u0131.6-Madde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n zararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kan\u0131tlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n madde kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0131srar.Bu durumun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in ki\u015finin,zarar\u0131n boyutunun ve tabiat\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gereklidir.Amerikan Psikiatri Birli\u011finin Mental bozukluklar\u0131n Tan\u0131sal ve \u0130statiksel El Kitab\u0131,IV.S\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcnde (Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorders,DSM-IV) madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131,madde ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6nemli sorunlara kar\u015f\u0131n ki\u015finin madde kullan\u0131m\u0131na devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steren bili\u015fsel,davran\u0131\u015fsal ve fizyolojik belirtiler k\u00fcmesi olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.Tekrarlayan madde kullan\u0131m\u0131 : genellikle kompulsif(engellenmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir istekle s\u00fcren) kullan\u0131ma ,toleransa ,ve madde al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00e7ekilme neden olmaktad\u0131r.Bu tasnifte ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k,maddeyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bozukluklar aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Maddeler,a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da say\u0131lan 11 s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r:-Alkol \u2013Amfetamin-Kafein-Kannabis(cannabis,esrar)-Kokain-Hallusinojenler-\u0130nhalasyon yoluyla al\u0131nanlar(inhalants)-Nikotin-Opioidler-Fensiklidin(phencyclidine)-Sedatifler,hipnotikler,anksiyolitikler tasnifte ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tan\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kafein d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki maddeler i\u00e7in uygulanabilir oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kta kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131,maddenin belirledi\u011fi bir kontrol\u00fcn alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n madde kullanma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 benzer \u00f6zelliktedir.Madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kompulsif madde kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131rKompulsif madde kullan\u0131m\u0131 madenin kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde kontrolu ele almas\u0131 durumudur.Kompulsif madde kullan\u0131m\u0131nda kuvvetli istekle ve belirli kal\u0131plar i\u00e7erisinde otomatik olarak s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.Maddeyi kullanma ki\u015finin \u00f6nemli \u00f6ncelikleri aras\u0131na y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.Madde kullan\u0131m\u0131 b\u0131rakma ve azaltma isteklerine kar\u015f\u0131n devam eder.kompulsif kullan\u0131m maddenin tekrarlayan kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonununda otomatik olarak olu\u015fmakta madde traf\u0131ndan belirlenmekte,maddenin kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.Kompulsif kullan\u0131lan maddelerin ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi:psikoaktif etkiye yol a\u00e7malar\u0131 ve \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak alg\u0131lanan bu etkileriyle madde kullnma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmeleridir.Kompulsif kullan\u0131m\u0131n kuvveti bireyden bireye de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kta kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 maddenin belirledi\u011fi bir kontrolun alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n madde kullanma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 benzer \u00f6zelliktedir.sigara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n benzer kullan\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerinin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131:a-Ba\u015flamay\u0131 izleyen d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131lan miktar giderek arttar,ta ki ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye de\u011fi\u015fen belli bir miktara ula\u015f\u0131ncaya kadar.b-Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131lar uyanmay\u0131 izleyen k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ilk sigaralar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erler:sonra her G\u00fcn boyunca belirli bir d\u00fczenle ve belirli bir miktarda kullanmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.Ayn\u0131 kullanma d\u00fczeni,her g\u00fcn birbirine olduk\u00e7a benzer bi\u00e7imde tekrar eder.Kompulsif sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 psikolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler:Sigara kullanmay\u0131 deneyenlerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kompulsif kullan\u0131c\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.Genel olarak kompulsif madde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel olarak kompulsif sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131n temelinde \u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri vard\u0131r:a-Edinsel ko\u015fullanma s\u00fcrecib-Klasik ko\u015fullanma s\u00fcreciEdinsel (operant,enstrumental)\u015fartlanma s\u00fcreci:Bu s\u00fcrece g\u00f6re ho\u015fa giden veya s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131dan kurtaran davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artarken,s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya sokan veya mahrum eden davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r.Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lma s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran etkiler,veya bu etkileri sa\u011flayan maddeler peki\u015ftirici olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Peki\u015ftirici \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan maddelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben bu maddeleri kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nce s\u0131kla\u015fmakta sonra klasik ko\u015fullanma s\u00fcrecininde deste\u011fiyle \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.Bir pedala bast\u0131\u011f\u0131nda damar\u0131na nikotin \u00e7ekme olana\u011f\u0131 verilen deney hayvanlar\u0131 pedala basma s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r,pedala basarak nikotin sa\u011flamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmektedir.Kendine nikotin verme deney hayvanlar\u0131nda ve insanlarda kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.Kullan\u0131lan madde duygulan\u0131mda haz do\u011frultusunda y\u00fckselme sa\u011flayarak kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsa bu maddenin Pozitif peki\u015ftirici \u00f6zelli\u011fi var denilmektir.Bir maddenin kullan\u0131m\u0131 var olan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 gidererek madde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorsa Negatif peki\u015ftirici etkiden s\u00f6z edilmektedir.Sigara ve nikotin hem pozitif peki\u015ftirici hem de negatif peki\u015ftirici olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Peki\u015ftirici olma ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin ortak \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir.Madde kullan\u0131m davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n n\u00f6robiyolojisiT\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 maddeler de pozitif peki\u015ftirici etkinin nucleus accumbensteki dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc halen yayg\u0131n olarak kabul bulmaktad\u0131r. Her madde bunu farkl\u0131 bir mekanizmayla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir.Opiatlar bunu opiat resept\u00f6rler \u00fczerine agonist etkiyle;amfetamin monoamin sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 uyararak ;kokain monoamin geri al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bloke ederek ;esrar ise cannabinoid resept\u00f6rler \u00fczerine olan agonist etkiyle sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.Yeme i\u00e7me ve cinsel eylem gibi ya\u015fam\u0131n ve neslin devam\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6\u011frenmelerde bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 izleyen dopamin art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin dopamin d\u00fczeyini yukarda belirtilen do\u011fal davran\u0131\u015flardan daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmi\u015ftir membersipod&<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k,Maddeyi kullanma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilen di\u011fer davran\u0131\u015flara g\u00f6re \u00f6ncelik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 fizyolojik,davran\u0131\u015fsal,bili\u015fsel olaylar veya durumlar k\u00fcmesidir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 niteli\u011fi,genellikle kuvvetli bazen \u00e7ok kuvvetli olan madde kullanma iste\u011fidir.Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olunan maddenin bir s\u00fcre b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya al\u0131namamas\u0131n\u0131 takiben madde yeniden al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sendromun di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.kesin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tan\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerden en az \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ve herhangi bir[Devam\u0131n\u0131 Oku…]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[229],"tags":[1584],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2569"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2569"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2569\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2569"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2569"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gncz.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}